نوشيروان کيهاني زادهدرگذشت فيلد مارشال پارسي هند، مردي که ايران را «خاک پاک» مي خواند
پارسيان و آريايي هاي جهان جمعه، 27 ژوئن 2008، مرد بزرگي را از دست دادند که به سرزمين نياکان و فرهنگ ايراني عشق مي ورزيد. «سام هرمز جمشيد منکشا» فيلد مارشال پارسي هند 28 ژوئن2008 (پريروز) با تشريفات ويژه نظامي و با حضور مقامات ارشد اين کشور در گورستان پارسيان به خاک سپرده شد و رسانه هاي هند گزارش هاي مصور و مفصل درباره زندگاني و کارهايش منتشر ساخته اند. فيلم مستند کارهاي او قبلاً و به هزينه «يونسکو» تهيه شده است. وي که سوم آوريل 1914 به دنيا آمده بود يکي از دو فيلد مارشال تاريخ هند است. پدر او که يک پزشک پارسي بود و از گجرات به پنجاب نقل مکان کرده بود آرزو داشت «سام هرمز» پزشک شود که وي وارد دانشکده افسري شد و در برابر اعتراض پدر همان حرفي را زد که قبلاً به او در مورد سبيل گذاشتن زده بود. سام به پدرش گفته بود؛ من يک پارسي هستم؛ مردان پارسي سبيل نمي تراشند و سپاهيگري را بر پيشه هاي ديگر ترجيح مي دهند و او بايد افسر ارتش شود. «سام» آن چنان مهارت نظامي به دست آورده بود که با درجه سرواني فرمانده هنگ و آن هم هنگ «گورخا» شد و اين هنگ بود که در جريان جنگ جهاني دوم در جبهه برمه، ضدحمله به ژاپني ها آغاز کرد. در اين جنگ، سام گلوله خورد، زخمي شد و مدال گرفت. او در دو جنگ ديگر در شبه قاره شرکت جست. سام نه تنها دست به شمشير بلکه دست به قلم هم بود. در سال 1961 که خطر تصرف «لاداخ» از سوي چين احساس مي شد، سام هرمز جمشيد در مقاله يي از سياست هاي «کريشنا منون» وزير دفاع وقت هند انتقاد کرد و علناً نوشت که منون از فنون نظامي بي اطلاع است يا سوءنيت دارد. به همين دليل هنگامي که در سال 1962 نيروهاي هندي در لاداخ از برابر چينيان گريختند او را مامور جبهه کردند و سام که درجه ژنرالي داشت در فرماني خطاب به نظاميان تحت فرمان خود نوشت؛ مي دانيد که من يک پارسي ام و عقب نشيني در ذات ما گناه است. بنابراين، جز با دستور کتبي هرگونه عقب نشيني ممنوع است و مرتکب به دادگاه صحرايي فرستاده خواهد شد و تا من زنده باشم دستور عقب نشيني داده نخواهد شد. با همين فرمان، هنديان ايستادند و اراضي بيشتري را از دست ندادند. «سام» عقيده داشت که گفتن دروغ يا لب فرو بستن از مطلبي که آماده خروج از دهان است، فشاري سنگين بر اعصاب وارد مي سازد و باعث کوتاهي عمر خواهد بود لذا هرچه را که مي خواست مي گفت و با همه خودماني بود از جمله با نخست وزير هند. يک بار در حضور جمع، در برابر يک تصميم بسيار جدي نظامي بانو گاندي نخست وزير وقت هند گفته بود؛ اطاعت، عسلي (سويتي= شيرين). سام از سال 1969 تا 1973 رئيس ستاد ارتش هند بود. از کارهاي مهم او در اين مدت لشکرکشي به بنگال شرقي و شکست دادن و اسارت ده ها هزار نظامي پاکستاني ازجمله چند ژنرال و هموار ساختن راه براي تاسيس جمهوري بنگلادش بود. کار ديگر او طرح توليد مشترک اسلحه با دولت مسکو بود که هنوز ادامه دارد. وي در سال 1969 به شاه (پهلوي دوم) در سفر هند بود اندرز داده بود او نيز اين طرح را دنبال کند و خود را از چنگ امريکا نجات دهد که سلاح هاي از رده خارج شده اش را تا چند برابر ارزش به ايران مي فروشد و قسمتي از درآمد ايران از نفت را به عنوان دستمزد مستشارانش که نظامياني درجه دوم هستند، مي گيرد.
فيلد مارشال سام هرمز منکشا (بر وزن ملکشاه) در سال 1973 خود را بازنشسته کرد ولي تا سال 2004 (90سالگي) در هر مراسم نظامي و رژه واحدها با لباس فيلدمارشالي و نشان هايش شرکت مي کرد. وقتي رسانه هاي هند در اکتبر 1980 نظر او را درباره حمله نظامي عراق به ايران پرسيده بودند، گفته بود؛ حيف که پير شده ام وگرنه به ايران مي رفتم و داوطلبانه در دفاع از سرزمين نياکان شرکت مي جستم. به گزارش رسانه هاي هند وي در اظهارات خود از ايران به عنوان «خاک پاک» ياد کرده بود. وي درباره حمله صدام به رسانه ها گفته بود؛ برويد ببينيد که پشت سر اين حمله چه قدرتي قرار دارد؛ جنگ ادامه سياست است. اين پارسي بزرگ در 94سالگي از بيماري ريه درگذشت و در کنار گور همسرش به آيين زرتشتيان مدفون شده است.
Sam Manekshaw
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Field Marshal Sam Hormusji Framji "Sam Bahadur" Jamshedji Manekshaw MC (April 3, 1914 – June 27, 2008) was an Indian Army officer. In a long career spanning nearly four decades, Manekshaw rose to be the 8th chief of staff of the Indian Army in 1969 and under his command, Indian forces concluded a victorious campaign during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.
Sam Manekshaw was the first of only two Indian military officers to hold the highest rank of field marshal of the Indian Army (the other being Field Marshal K M Cariappa). His distinguished military career spanned four decades and through five wars, including World War II.
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[edit] Early life and education
Manekshaw was born in Amritsar, Punjab to Parsi parents Hormusji Manekshaw, a doctor, and his wife Heerabai whom immigrated to the Punjab from the small town of Valsad on the Gujarat coast. After completing his schooling in Amritsar and Sherwood College (Nainital), he asked his father to send him to college abroad to study medicine, when his father refused, in an act of rebellion, applied to join the IMA and as a result became part of the first batch of 40 cadets at the Indian Military Academy, Dehradun on 1 October 1932. He graduated from the IMA in December 1934 and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Indian Army. He held several regimental assignments and was first attached to the Royal Scots and later to the 4/12 Frontier Force Regiment.
[edit] Military career
Manekshaw's military career spanned four decades, from the British era and World War II, to the three wars against China and Pakistan after India's independence in 1947.
[edit] World War II
During World War II, Manekshaw saw action in the Burma campaign on Sittang River as a captain with the 4/12 Frontier Force Regiment,[1] and has the rare distinction of being honoured for his bravery on the battle front itself. During World War II, he was commanding his battalion's 'A' Company in a counter-attack against the invading Japanese Army in Burma. Despite suffering 50% casualties the company achieved its objective, Pagoda Hill, which was a key position on the left of the Sittang bridgehead. After capturing the hill, he was hit by a burst of LMG bullets and was severely wounded in the stomach.[2] Major General D.T. Cowan spotted Manekshaw holding on to life and was aware of his valour in face of stiff resistance from the Japanese. Fearing the worst, Major General Cowan quickly pinned his own Military Cross (MC) ribbon to Manekshaw saying, "A dead person cannot be awarded a Military Cross."[1] The offical recommendation for the MC states that the success of the attack "was largely due to the excellent leadership and bearing of Captain Manekshaw". The award was made official with the publication of the notification in a supplement to the London Gazette of 21 April 1942 (dated 23 April 1942).[3][4]
Fighting on the Burma front against the Japanese in 1942, Manekshaw was almost pronounced dead when brought to Rangoon hospital with nine bullets in the lung, liver and kidneys. The military surgeon was reluctant to operate seeing the hopeless condition even though Manekshaw was barely conscious. The surgeon asked what had happened to him. Sam replied: "I was kicked by a donkey." The surgeon decided that if a soldier could have such a sense of humour at that critical hour, he must operate to save him. Manekshaw survived and rose to become India's eighth army chief.[5][6]
[edit] Higher Commands and Offices
Having recovered from those near-fatal wounds in Burma, Manekshaw went for a course at Staff College, Quetta and later also served there as an instructor before being sent to join 12 Frontier Force Rifles in Burma under General (later Field Marshal) Slim's 14th Army. He was once again involved in a fierce battle with the Japanese, and was wounded for a second time. Towards the close of World War II, Manekshaw was sent as staff officer to General Daisy in Indo-China where, after the Japanese surrender, he helped rehabilitate over 10,000 POWs. He, then, went on a six-month lecture tour to Australia in 1946, and after his return served as a first grade staff officer in the Military Operations Directorate.
Manekshaw showed acumen for planning and administration while handling the issues related to Partition in 1947, and later put to use his battle skills during the 1947-48 Jammu & Kashmir Operations. After command of an Infantry Brigade, he was posted as the commandant of the Infantry School and also became the colonel of 8 Gorkha Rifles (which became his new regimental home, since his original parent regiment The 12th Frontier Force Regiment went on to join the new Pakistan Army at partition ) and 61 Cavalry. He commanded a division in Jammu & Kashmir and a corps in the North East, with a tenure as commandant of Defence Services Staff College (DSSC) in between. As GOC-in-C Eastern Command, he handled the tricky problem of insurgency in Nagaland and the grateful nation honoured him with a Padma Bhushan in 1968.
Manekshaw with Lt General Sartaj Singh, GOC 15 Corps, shares a joke with a jawan.
[edit] Army Chief: The War of 1971
Manekshaw became the 8th chief of army staff when he succeeded General Kumaramangalam on 7 June 1969. His years of military experience were soon put to the test as thousands of refugees from the erstwhile East Pakistan started crossing over to India as a result of its conflict with West Pakistan. The volatile situation erupted into a full-scale war in December 1971.
During this Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, Manekshaw showed uncommon ability to motivate the forces, coupling it with a mature war strategy. The war ended with Pakistan's unconditional surrender, and the formation of Bangladesh. More than 45,000 Pakistani soldiers and 45,000 civilian personnel were taken as POWs. He masterminded the rout of the Pakistan Army in one of the quickest victories in recent military history.[citation needed] This led to the Shimla Agreement which opened the door to the creation of the nation of Bangladesh as separate from Pakistan.
[edit] Honour and Retirement
For his distinguished service to the country, the then President of India (V. V. Giri) awarded him a Padma Vibhushan in 1972 and conferred upon him the rank of Field Marshal on 1 January 1973. Manekshaw became the first of the only two Indian Army Generals to be awarded this prestigious rank; the other being the late Field Marshal Kodandera Madappa Cariappa. Manekshaw moved out of active service a fortnight later on 15 January 1973 after completing nearly four decades of military service, and settled down with his wife Silloo in Coonoor, the civilian town next to Wellington Military Cantonment where he had served as Commandant of the Defence Services Staff College.
Following his time in active service in the Indian Army, Manekshaw successfully served on the board of directors for numerous companies, and was Chairman of 3-5 of them as well.[citation needed]
[edit] Death
He died of complications from pneumonia at the Military Hospital in Wellington, Tamil Nadu on 0030 hours, June 27, 2008 at the age of 94.[7]
He was laid to rest in Ootacamund, Tamil Nadu, with military honours, adjacent to his wife's grave. He is survived by his two daughters and three grandchildren.
Reportedly, his last words were "I'm okay!"[5]
[edit] Famous Quotations
Manekshaw is reported to have once said: "I wonder whether those of our political masters who have been put in charge of the defence of the country can distinguish a mortar from a motor; a gun from a howitzer; a guerrilla from a gorilla."[8]
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